A Note to Students | p. xi |
Preface | p. xiii |
Part I Research and WritingWayne C. Booth and Gregory G. Colomb and Joseph M. Williams and Joseph Bizup and William T. FitzGerald |
Overview of Part I | p. 3 |
1 What Research Is and How Researchers Think about It | p. 5 |
1.1 What Research Is |
1.2 How Researchers Think about Their Aims |
1.3 Conversing with Your Readers |
2 Defining a Project: Topic, Question, Problem, Working Hypothesis | p. 10 |
2.1 Find a Question in Your Topic |
2.2 Understanding Research Problems |
2.3 Propose a Working Hypothesis |
2.4 Build a Storyboard to Plan and Guide Your Work |
2.5 Join or Organize a Writing Group |
3 Finding Useful Sources | p. 25 |
3.1 Three Kinds of Sources and Their Uses |
3.2 Search for Sources Systematically |
3.3 Evaluate Sources for Relevance and Reliability |
3.4 Look beyond the Usual Kinds of References |
3.5 Record Your Sources Fully, Accurately, and Appropriately |
4 Engaging Your Sources | p. 38 |
4.1 Read Generously to Understand, Then Critically to Engage |
4.2 Take Notes Systematically |
4.3 Take Useful Notes |
4.4 Review Your Progress |
4.5 Manage Moments of Normal Anxiety |
5 Constructing Your Argument | p. 51 |
5.1 What a Research Argument Is and Is Not |
5.2 Build Your Argument around Answers to Readers' Questions |
5.3 Turn Your Working Hypothesis into a Claim |
5.4 Assemble the Elements of Your Argument |
5.5 Prefer Arguments Based on Evidence to Arguments Based on Warrants |
5.6 Assemble an Argument |
6 Planning a First Draft | p. 66 |
6.1 Avoid Unhelpful Plans |
6.2 Create a Plan That Meets Your Readers' Needs |
6.3 File Away Leftovers |
7 Drafting Your Paper | p. 75 |
7.1 Draft in the Way That Feels Most Comfortable |
7.2 Develop Effective Writing Habits |
7.3 Keep Yourself on Track through Headings and Key Terms |
7.4 Quote, Paraphrase, and Summarize Appropriately |
7.5 Integrate Quotations into Your Text |
7.6 Use Footnotes and Endnotes Judiciously |
7.7 Show How Complex or Detailed Evidence Is Relevant |
7.8 Be Open to Surprises |
7.9 Guard against Inadvertent Plagiarism |
7.10 Guard against Inappropriate Assistance |
7.11 Work Through Chronic Procrastination and Writer's Block |
8 Presenting Evidence in Tables and Figures | p. 86 |
8.1 Choose Verbal or Visual Representations of Your Data |
8.2 Choose the Most Effective Graphic |
8.3 Design Tables and Figures |
8.4 Communicate Data Ethically |
9 Revising Your Draft | p. 102 |
9.1 Check for Blind Spots in Your Argument |
9.2 Check Your Introduction, Conclusion, and Claim |
9.3 Make Sure the Body of Your Report Is Coherent |
9.4 Check Your Paragraphs |
9.5 Let Your Draft Cool, Then Paraphrase It |
10 Writing Your Final Introduction and Conclusion | p. 106 |
10.1 Draft Your Final Introduction |
10.2 Draft Your Final Conclusion |
10.3 Write Your Title Last |
11 Revising Sentences | p. 113 |
11.1 Focus on the First Seven or Eight Words of a Sentence |
11.2 Diagnose What You Read |
11.3 Choose the Right Word |
11.4 Polish It Up |
11.5 Give It Up and Turn It In |
12 Learning from Comments on Your Paper | p. 124 |
12.1 Two Kinds of Feedback; Advice and Data |
12.2 Find General Principles in Specific Comments |
12.3 Talk with Your Reader |
13 Presenting Research in Alternative Forums | p. 127 |
13.1 Plan Your Oral Presentation |
13.2 Design Your Presentation to Be Listened To |
13.3 Plan Your Poster Presentation |
13.4 Plan Your Conference Proposal |
14 On the Spirit of Research | p. 134 |
Part II Source Citation |
15 General Introduction to Citation Practices | p. 139 |
15.1 Reasons for Citing Your Sources |
15.2 The Requirements of Citation |
15.3 Two Citation Styles |
15.4 Electronic Sources |
15.5 Preparation of Citations |
15.6 Citation Management Tools |
16 Notes-Bibliography Style: The Basic Form | p. 149 |
16.1 Basic Patterns |
16.2 Bibliographies |
16.3 Notes |
16.4 Short Forms for Notes |
17 Notes-Bibliography Style: Citing Specific Types of Sources | p. 169 |
17.1 Books |
17.2 Journal Articles |
17.3 Magazine Articles |
17.4 Newspaper Articles |
17.5 Websites, Blogs, and Social Media |
17.6 Interviews and Personal Communications |
17.7 Papers, Lectures, and Manuscript Collections |
17.8 Older Works and Sacred Works |
17.9 Reference Works and Secondary Citations |
17.10 Sources in the Visual and Performing Arts |
17.11 Public Documents |
18 Author-Data Style: The Basic Form | p. 223 |
18.1 Basic Patterns |
18.2 Reference Lists |
18.3 Parenthetical Citations |
19 Author-Data Style: Citing Specific Types of Sources | p. 236 |
19.1 Books |
19.2 Journal Articles |
19.3 Magazine Articles |
19.4 Newspaper Articles |
19.5 Websites, Blogs, and Social Media |
19.6 Interviews and Personal Communications |
19.7 Papers, Lectures, and Manuscript Collections |
19.8 Older Works and Sacred Works |
19.9 Reference Works and Secondary Citations |
19.10 Sources in the Visual and Performing Arts |
19.11 Public Documents |
Part III Style |
20 Spelling | p. 293 |
20.1 Plurals |
20.2 Possessives |
20.3 Compounds and Words Formed with Prefixes |
20.4 Line Breaks |
21 Punctuation | p. 305 |
21.1 Periods |
21.2 Commas |
21.3 Semicolons |
21.4 Colons |
21.5 Question Marks |
21.6 Exclamation Points |
21.7 Hyphens and Dashes |
21.8 Parentheses and Brackets |
21.9 Slashes |
21.10 Quotation Marks |
21.11 Apostrophes |
21.12 Multiple Punctuation Marks |
22 Names, Special Terms, and Titles of Works | p. 319 |
22.1 Names |
22.2 SpecialTerms |
22.3 Titles of Works |
23 Numbers | p. 329 |
23.1 Words or Numerals? |
23.2 Plurals and Punctuation |
23.3 Date Systems |
23.4 Numbers Used outside the Text |
24 Abbreviations | p. 342 |
24.1 General Principles |
24.2 Names and Titles |
24.3 Geographical Terms |
24.4 Time and Dates |
24.5 Units of Measure |
24.6 The Bible and Other Sacred Works |
24.7 Abbreviations in Citations and Other Scholarly Contexts |
25 Quotations | p. 358 |
25.1 Quoting Accurately and Avoiding Plagiarism |
25.2 Incorporating Quotations into Your Text |
25.3 Modifying Quotations |
26 Tables and Figures | p. 370 |
26.1 General Issues |
26.2 Tables |
26.3 Figures |
Appendix: Paper Format and Submission | p. 393 |
A.1 General Format Requirements |
A.2 Format Requirements for Specific Elements |
A.3 File Preparation and Submission Requirements |
Bibliography | p. 421 |
Authors | p. 447 |
Index | p. 449 |