Preface | p. xv |
1 Background and History | p. 3 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
Basic Definitions | p. 5 |
Sex | p. 5 |
Gender | p. 6 |
Sexual Differentiation in Humans | p. 9 |
Disorders of Sexual Development | p. 11 |
Intersex in History | p. 16 |
Puberty | p. 19 |
Gender Development | p. 21 |
Transgenderism | p. 25 |
Normal and Natural | p. 25 |
Transgenderism in History | p. 26 |
Transgenderism Today | p. 34 |
Gender Roles | p. 35 |
Gender Roles in Human Civilization | p. 38 |
The Rise of Feminism | p. 41 |
Gender Inequality Today | p. 47 |
Affectional Orientation | p. 49 |
Legal Prohibitions on Same-Sex Acts in the United States | p. 52 |
Civil Rights for LGBT Individuals | p. 53 |
Attitudes toward Same-Sex Behaviors in the United States | p. 54 |
The Range of Human Affectional Expression | p. 54 |
Conclusion | p. 56 |
References | p. 56 |
2 Problems, Issues, and Solutions | p. 75 |
Introduction | p. 75 |
Transgender Discrimination | p. 76 |
LGBT Discrimination | p. 80 |
Sex Education | p. 86 |
Gender Dysphoria | p. 89 |
Gender Testing in Athletics | p. 94 |
Gender Inequality | p. 98 |
Politics | p. 98 |
Employment | p. 100 |
Body Image | p. 108 |
Conclusion | p. 115 |
References | p. 116 |
3 Perspectives | p. 133 |
Introduction | p. 133 |
"Come Out! Come Out!": A Battle Cry for Change | p. 133 |
Philip Bockman and Paul FeilerIntersex Human Rights Abuse | p. 136 |
Veronica Drantz and Avery Capaldi and Alex McCorry and Alexis Mickler and Crixs HaligowskiFeminisms Coming and Going | p. 140 |
Mel FerraraBringing Feelings to the Diagnostic Criteria of Gender Dysphoria | p. 144 |
Dean A. HaycockIntersex: Beyond the Sex Binary | p. 147 |
Axel KeatingLiving with Gender Dysphoria | p. 153 |
Whitney McKnightFeminism: Where We've Been and Where We're Going | p. 156 |
Martha RamptonSexual Reassignment Surgery: History and Controversy | p. 161 |
John Galbraith SimmonsGender on a Faceless Internet | p. 165 |
Katherine Tutt4 Profiles | p. 171 |
Introduction | p. 171 |
Accord Alliance | p. 171 |
American Association of University Women | p. 173 |
Harry Benjamin (1885-1986) | p. 175 |
Mary Calderone (1904-1998) | p. 177 |
Roberta Cowell (1918-2011) | p. 180 |
Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) | p. 182 |
Dsdfamilies | p. 185 |
Elagabalus (203/204-222) | p. 186 |
Gender Spectrum | p. 188 |
GLBTQ Legal Advocates & Defenders | p. 190 |
Magnus Hirschfeld (1868-1935) | p. 192 |
Joan of Arc (1412-1431) | p. 194 |
Franklin Kameny (1925-2011) | p. 197 |
Alfred Kinsey (1894-1956) | p. 198 |
Phyllis Lyon (1924-) | p. 201 |
Del Martin (1921-2008) | p. 202 |
National Center for Transgender Equality | p. 203 |
National Eating Disorders Association | p. 205 |
National Organization for Women | p. 206 |
Virginia Prince (1912-2009) | p. 208 |
Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States | p. 210 |
Shi Pei Pu (1938-2009) | p. 212 |
Society for the Scientific Study of Sex | p. 214 |
Tri-Ess | p. 215 |
Sojourner Truth (ca. 1797-1883) | p. 217 |
Ella Flagg Young (1845-1918) | p. 219 |
5 Data and Documents | p. 223 |
Introduction | p. 223 |
Data | p. 223 |
Table 5.1 Partial List of Gender Options Available on Facebook UK | p. 223 |
Table 5.2 Median Usual Weekly Earnings of Full-time Wage and Salary Workers, by Selected Characteristics, 2014 | p. 225 |
Table 5.3 Sex-Based Charges Filed under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, FY1997-FY2015 | p. 228 |
Table 5.4 Prevalence of 30-day Steroid Use by American Youth, 1991-2015 (percentage of respondents) | p. 230 |
Table 5.5 Disapproval of Steroid Use by 12th Graders, American Youth, 1990-2015 (percentage of respondents) | p. 231 |
Documents | p. 232 |
Civil Rights Act (1964) | p. 232 |
Federal Regulations for Equal Participation in Sports (1972) | p. 233 |
City of Chicago v. Wilson (1978) | p. 239 |
Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. 550 U.S. 618 (2007) | p. 240 |
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (2009) | p. 242 |
Wisconsin Act 219 (2011) | p. 244 |
Arcadia Resolution Agreement (2013) | p. 245 |
Treatment of Transgender Employment Discrimination Claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (2014) | p. 248 |
Truth in Advertising Act (2014) | p. 249 |
National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India, No. 400 of 2012 (2014) | p. 251 |
Interim Arbitral Award (2015) | p. 253 |
North Carolina House Bill 2 (2016) | p. 255 |
State of Texas, et al. v. United States of America, et al. (2016) | p. 257 |
Protecting Freedom of Conscience from Government Discrimination Act (Mississippi) (2016) | p. 259 |
Select Task Force on the Study of Harassment in the Workplace (2016) | p. 261 |
State Nondiscrimination Laws Based on Sexual Orientation | p. 264 |
6 Resources | p. 269 |
Introduction | p. 269 |
Books | p. 269 |
Articles | p. 282 |
Reports | p. 292 |
Internet | p. 297 |
7 Chronology | p. 313 |
Glossary | p. 331 |
Index | p. 337 |
About the Author | p. 361 |